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Introduction
NASA’s Curiosity rover mission is celebrating a dozen years on Mars, where it continues to make groundbreaking discoveries as it explores the Red Planet. The rover’s successful landing was made possible by a daring new technology known as the sky crane maneuver, which lowered the rover to the surface using a robotic jetpack. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the evolution of Mars landing technology and how the sky crane maneuver has changed the way NASA explores Mars.
Here’s How Curiosity’s Sky Crane Changed the Way NASA Explores Mars
by Agency Writers for NASA News
Pasadena, CA (JPL) August 8, 2024
NASA’s Curiosity rover mission is celebrating a dozen years on Mars, where the six-wheeled scientist continues to make big discoveries as it inches up the foothills of a Martian mountain. Just landing successfully on Mars is a feat, but the Curiosity mission went several steps further on August 5, 2012, touching down with a bold new technique: the sky crane maneuver.
A swooping robotic jetpack delivered Curiosity to its landing area and lowered it to the surface with nylon ropes, then cut the ropes and flew off to conduct a controlled crash landing safely out of range of the rover.
Of course, all of this was out of view for Curiosity’s engineering team, which sat in mission control at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, waiting for seven agonizing minutes before erupting in joy when they got the signal that the rover landed successfully.
The sky crane maneuver was born of necessity: Curiosity was too big and heavy to land as its predecessors had – encased in airbags that bounced across the Martian surface. The technique also added more precision, leading to a smaller landing ellipse.
During the February 2021 landing of Perseverance, NASA’s newest Mars rover, the sky crane technology was even more precise: The addition of something called terrain relative navigation enabled the SUV-size rover to touch down safely in an ancient lake bed riddled with rocks and craters.
Evolution of a Mars Landing
JPL has been involved in NASA’s Mars landings since 1976, when the lab worked with the agency’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, on the two stationary Viking landers, which touched down using expensive, throttled descent engines.
For the 1997 landing of the Mars Pathfinder mission, JPL proposed something new: As the lander dangled from a parachute, a cluster of giant airbags would inflate around it. Then three retrorockets halfway between the airbags and the parachute would bring the spacecraft to a halt above the surface, and the airbag-encased spacecraft would drop roughly 66 feet (20 meters) down to Mars, bouncing numerous times – sometimes as high as 50 feet (15 meters) – before coming to rest.
It worked so well that NASA used the same technique to land the Spirit and Opportunity rovers in 2004. But that time, there were only a few locations on Mars where engineers felt confident the spacecraft wouldn’t encounter a landscape feature that could puncture the airbags or send the bundle rolling uncontrollably downhill.
“We barely found three places on Mars that we could safely consider,” said JPL’s Al Chen, who had critical roles on the entry, descent, and landing teams for both Curiosity and Perseverance.
It also became clear that airbags simply weren’t feasible for a rover as big and heavy as Curiosity. If NASA wanted to land bigger spacecraft in more scientifically exciting locations, better technology was needed.
Rover on a Rope
In early 2000, engineers began playing with the concept of a “smart” landing system. New kinds of radars had become available to provide real-time velocity readings – information that could help spacecraft control their descent. A new type of engine could be used to nudge the spacecraft toward specific locations or even provide some lift, directing it away from a hazard. The sky crane maneuver was taking shape.
JPL Fellow Rob Manning worked on the initial concept in February 2000, and he remembers the reception it got when people saw that it put the jetpack above the rover rather than below it.
“People were confused by that,” he said. “They assumed propulsion would always be below you, like you see in old science fiction with a rocket touching down on a planet.”
Manning and colleagues wanted to put as much distance as possible between the ground and those thrusters. Besides stirring up debris, a lander’s thrusters could dig a hole that a rover wouldn’t be able to drive out of. And while past missions had used a lander that housed the rovers and extended a ramp for them to roll down, putting thrusters above the rover meant its wheels could touch down directly on the surface, effectively acting as landing gear and saving the extra weight of bringing along a landing platform.
But engineers were unsure how to suspend a large rover from ropes without it swinging uncontrollably. Looking at how the problem had been solved for huge cargo helicopters on Earth (called sky cranes), they realized Curiosity’s jetpack needed to be able to sense the swinging and control it.
“All of that new technology gives you a fighting chance to get to the right place on the surface,” said Chen.
Best of all, the concept could be repurposed for larger spacecraft – not only on Mars, but elsewhere in the solar system. “In the future, if you wanted a payload delivery service, you could easily use that architecture to lower to the surface of the Moon or elsewhere without ever touching the ground,” said Manning.
Conclusion
NASA’s Curiosity rover mission has achieved incredible success on Mars, and the sky crane maneuver has played a crucial role in that success. As NASA continues to explore the Red Planet, the sky crane technology will likely continue to evolve and improve, enabling the agency to send even more ambitious missions to the Martian surface.
Frequently Asked Questions
Question 1: What is the sky crane maneuver?
The sky crane maneuver is a technique used by NASA’s Curiosity rover to land on Mars. It involves a robotic jetpack lowering the rover to the surface using nylon ropes, then cutting the ropes and flying off to conduct a controlled crash landing safely out of range of the rover.
Question 2: Why was the sky crane maneuver necessary?
The sky crane maneuver was necessary because Curiosity was too big and heavy to land as its predecessors had – encased in airbags that bounced across the Martian surface. The technique also added more precision, leading to a smaller landing ellipse.
Question 3: How did the sky crane maneuver work?
The sky crane maneuver worked by using a robotic jetpack to lower the rover to the surface using nylon ropes. The jetpack then cut the ropes and flew off to conduct a controlled crash landing safely out of range of the rover.
Question 4: What is terrain relative navigation?
Terrain relative navigation is a technology used by NASA’s Perseverance rover to enable more precise landings on Mars. It involves using real-time velocity readings to control the rover’s descent and ensure a safe landing.
Question 5: What is the future of the sky crane technology?
The future of the sky crane technology is likely to involve continued evolution and improvement. NASA is already working on new technologies that will enable even more ambitious missions to the Martian surface, and the sky crane maneuver will likely play a key role in those efforts.
Related Links
Curiosity Mars Science Lab
Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com
Lunar Dreams and more
